Table 1.
Example sentences for each condition.
Table 2.
Mean (SD) word frequency of each category.
Word frequency is calculated as the number of occurrences out of 3-million-word entries.
Table 3.
Learners background information.
Fig 1.
Trial demonstration of the SPRT.
Fig 2.
Trial demonstration of the untimed GJT.
Fig 3.
Native Koreans’ RT for the past-tense verbs (Verb) and for the present verbs (Case).
Fig 4.
All learners’ GJT results by group (dot indicates the group-level mean).
Table 4.
Group-level GJT accuracy means and SDs.
Fig 5.
Low proficiency learners’ accuracy (%).
Fig 6.
High proficiency learners’ accuracy (%).
Fig 7.
Learners’ accuracy (%) for the ADJ structure, dots indicate group-level means.
Fig 8.
Learners’ accuracy (%) for the Verb structure, dots indicate group-level means.
Fig 9.
Learners’ accuracy (%) for the Case structure, dots indicate group-level means.
Fig 10.
All groups’ RT, colored for grammaticality.
Fig 11.
Native speakers’ RT, colored for grammaticality.
Fig 12.
Low proficiency group’s RT, colored for grammaticality.
Fig 13.
High proficiency group’s RT, colored for grammaticality.
Fig 14.
Trial demonstration of the EEG grammaticality judgement task.
Fig 15.
Channel location map.
Fig 16.
Neighbour plot for the cluster-based permutation analysis (Cz highlighted).
Table 5.
Example sentences for each condition.
Table 6.
Group-level means and SDs for timed GJT accuracy.
Fig 17.
Native Korean speakers’ timed GJT accuracy (%) in the three conditions.
Fig 18.
Learners’ timed GJT accuracy (%) in the three conditions.
Fig 19.
Native Koreans’ grand averaged waveforms on Fz, Cz and Pz regions.
(a) the ADJ condition. (b) the Verb condition. (c) the Case condition. Blue: Grammatical; Red: Violation. Bars indicate time windows with a significant effect of grammaticality, with marked early negativity (yellow box) and P600 (green box) components.
Fig 20.
Learners’ grand averaged waveforms for Word_3 of the ADJ condition.
Fig 21.
Learners’ grand averaged waveforms for Word_4 of the ADJ condition.
Table 7.
Example adjective-noun phrases in Cantonese.
Fig 22.
Learners’ grand averaged waveforms for the Verb condition.
Fig 23.
Learners’ grand averaged waveforms for the Case condition.