Fig 1.
Pelvic Computed Tomography images(CT).
The raw data of the pelvic CT with contrast (A) stored in the DICOM format was acquired to create the 3D model. (B) Then, the DICOM files are imported into Materialise Mimics 22.0 software where relevant arterial anatomy is segmented. (yellow) (C)Next the segmented model is exported to Materialise 3-Matic to create mesh representations of the individual parts or volumes to be printed.
Fig 2.
Two superficial femoral artery pseudoaneurysm 3D printed models.
Fig 3.
Ten specific anatomical location for measurement of (A) diameters and (B) angle to assess the accuracy of the segmented models and the two printed 3D models.
Fig 4.
The measurement of the diameter at anatomical location 6 for (A) 3D model 1 and (B) 3D model 2. It also displays the measurement of the angle at anatomical location 8 for (C) 3D model 1 and anatomical location 3 for (D) 3D model 2.
Table 1.
Measurement of ten specific anatomical location in diameter(mm) for the 3D segmented model, printing model 1 and printing model 2.
Table 2.
Measurement of ten specific anatomical location in diameter(mm) for the 3D segmented model, printing model 1 and printing model 2.
Table 3.
Measurement of ten specific anatomical location in angle(°) for the 3D segmented model, printing model 1 and printing model 2.
Fig 5.
Bland-Altman analysis of three-dimensional (3D) printed model measurement accuracy.
Graph A and B show the diameter measurements agreement between segmented model (.stl format data derived from CT data) and 3D printed model 1 (A) and 3D printed model 2 (B) at ten specific anatomical locations. Values are expressed in mm. Graph C and D show the angle measurements agreement between segmented model (STL format data derived from CT data) and 3D printed model 1 (C) and 3D printed model 2 (D) at ten specific anatomical locations. Values are expressed in degree(°). Central red line represents mean bias of difference. Yellow dotted lines represent upper and lower limits of agreement (LOA) ± 1.96 standard deviation.
Fig 6.
(A) Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) performed by injection of contrast into the 3D-printed model, revealing a pseudoaneurysm which resembles the real case. (B) Coil embolization of the pseudoaneurysm sac performed under fluoroscopic guidance by Philips Azurion7 in the angiography room.
Table 4.
An overview of the responses to the questionnaire.