Fig 1.
Workflow for constructing a protein-protein interaction network. DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus; DE, differentially expressed; GO, Gene Ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; PPI, protein‑protein interaction network.
Fig 2.
The boxplots show the normalized data from GSE122063 (A) and GSE5281 (B). The volcano plots of GSE122063 (C) and GSE5281 (D) highlight the upregulated and downregulated genes in the Alzheimer’s group vs the healthy group, represented by red and blue colors, respectively. GSE122063 (E) and GSE5281 (F) heatmaps reveal gene expression patterns. Using the Venn diagram, 141 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two datasets (G), indicative of Alzheimer’s disease.
Fig 3.
Intersection of shared genes between DM(A), HTN(B), and NAFLD(C) from the text-mine datasets (Core Mine, CTD, Gene Cards) with Alzheimer’s disease-related DEGs using the Venn diagram tool. DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AD, Alzheimer’s disease.
Fig 4.
Protein-protein interaction network of metabolic syndrome conditions and Alzheimer.
The protein-protein interaction networks of AD and MetS-related diseases include DM(A), HTN (B), and NAFLD (C). The size of the nodes represents their degree of connectivity within the network. Pink circles highlight clusters of interconnected nodes, while the green ones symbolize nodes outside the clusters.
Fig 5.
The Alzheimer’s PPI network comprises 89 nodes and 182 edges. In this network, upregulated genes are denoted by red circles, while blue circles represent downregulated genes. The yellow nodes indicate genes exhibiting distinctive regulation patterns between the GSE5281 and GSE122063 datasets. The network shows five distinct clusters constructed by merging the HIPPIE and String databases. The size of the nodes corresponds to their level of connectivity. A group of diamond shapes depicts nodes that are connected and form a cluster.
Table 1.
The Fisher’s exact test.
Fig 6.
Functional enrichment analysis.
Functional enrichment analysis was conducted to analyze the shared genes between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and metabolic diseases, namely diabetes (A), hypertension (B), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (C). Additionally, the enrichment analysis of molecular links between AD and MetS (D) was demonstrated.
Fig 7.
Drug repurposing of molecular links.
Repurposing Essential Molecular Linked Genes for Drug Discovery. Visualized by pink circles representing the genes and green ones symbolizing approved targeted drugs.