Fig 1.
Flowchart for identifying and selecting articles for final inclusion (based on the Prisma flowchart template).
Table 1.
Methodological quality of the included articles (PEDro scale).
Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
Table 3.
NMES parameters used in the included studies.
Fig 2.
Meta-analyses of (A) very short muscle length vs. optimal muscle length for maximum evoked torque produced during quadriceps muscle motor point stimulation, (B) optimal muscle length vs. long muscle length for maximum evoked torque produced during quadriceps muscle motor point stimulation, (C) very short muscle length vs. optimal muscle length for maximum evoked torque produced during femoral nerve stimulation, (D) very short muscle length vs. long muscle length for maximum evoked torque produced during femoral nerve stimulation, (E) optimal muscle length vs. long muscle length for maximum evoked torque produced during femoral nerve stimulation, (F) short muscle length vs. optimal muscle length for maximum evoked torque produced during femoral nerve stimulation, and (G) short muscle length vs. long muscle length for maximum evoked torque produced during femoral nerve stimulation.