Fig 1.
Network of cells and proteins in bone remodeling with the disruptive effects of age-related exosomal miRNAs and IL-6.
The circular nodes with reddish colors (red and orange) indicate the cells that lead to bone resorption, and the circular nodes with greenish colors (green and blue) indicate the cells that lead to bone formation. The miRNAs, which disrupt bone resorption and bone formation, are represented by white rectangular nodes with red borders.
Table 1.
Densities and concentrations are in units of g/cm3.
Table 2.
Parameters for the model.
Fig 2.
Profiles for all the model variables in aging men.
The individual has 13% bone density loss by age 80, and 35% by age 100. All variables are in units of g/cm3.
Fig 3.
The individual has 13% bone density loss by age 80, and 35% by age 100. All variables are in units of g/cm3.
Fig 4.
Profiles for all the model variables in aging women.
The individual has 37% bone density loss by age 80, and 63% by age 100. All variables are in units of g/cm3.
Fig 5.
The individual has 37% bone density loss by age 80, and 63% by age 100. All variables are in units of g/cm3.
Fig 6.
Simulations for bone dynamics in aging men and women.
The numbers in parentheses represent the bone reduction at ages 80 and 100, respectively. All the variables are in units of g/cm3.
Table 3.
Percentage of bone density lost every five years from age 50 to 100.
Table 4.
Bone density reduction (in %) in women with osteoporosis under HRT and treatment with fisetin and quercetin.
Treatment starts at various times (Treatment Initiation) and end at different times (Endtime). η = 1.0.
Table 5.
Bone density reduction (in %) in men with osteoporosis under treatment with fisetin and quercetin.
Treatment starts at various times (Treatment Initiation) and end at different times (Endtime). η = 1.3.
Table 6.
Bone density reduction (in %) in women with osteoporosis under HRT and treatment with fisetin and quercetin.
Treatment starts at various times (Treatment Initiation) and end at different times (Endtime). η = 1.3.
Fig 7.
Graph showing relationship between age and bone mass, adapted from [2] Fig 6.23.
Fig 8.
Treatment of osteoporosis with fisetin in men with different treatment initiation times.
The Profile of bone density for treatment initiation time at years 60, 65, 70. The percentage of bone loss by age 80 is indicated. η = 1.0 (left panel) and η = 1.3 (right panel).
Fig 9.
Treatment of osteoporosis with fisetin, in combination with estrogen hormonal therapy in women, with different treatment initiation times.
The Profile of bone density for treatment initiation time at years 60, 65, 70. The percentage of bone loss by age 80 is indicated. ‘Estrogen’ means treatment with estrogen hormonal therapy only; γE = 0.4. η = 1.0 (left panel) and η = 1.3 (right panel).