Table 1.
A comparison of this research with relevant literature.
Fig 1.
Different models.
Table 2.
Notations and explanations.
Fig 2.
Wholesale prices of the new product and the remanufactured product in model MR (λ = 0.5).
Fig 3.
Sale prices of the new product and the remanufactured product (λ = 0.5, α = 0.075).
Fig 4.
Manufacturer’s channel strategy in (a) the model with manufacturer recycling; (b) the model with e-commerce platform recycling (cn = 0.9, α = 0.075).
Fig 5.
Comparison of manufacturer’s profits under manufacturer recycling and platform recycling models (λ = 0.5, α = 0.075).
Fig 6.
E-commerce platform’s channel strategy in (a) the model with manufacturer recycling; (b) the model with e-commerce platform recycling (cn = 0.9,α = 0.075).
Fig 7.
E-commerce platform’s profit in model MA and EA (α = 0.075).
Fig 8.
A win-win situation in the agency model (α = 0.075).
Fig 9.
Consumer surplus in different scenarios (α = 0.075).