Fig 1.
The methodological figure of the experimental steps.
In (1), the animal experimental procedures, training protocol, and the sample collection stage are displayed; In (2), the biochemical evaluation is represented by the blood and tissue samples; In (3), plasma collection samples and microplate reader figures represented the cytokine assays; In (4), the histopathological evaluation is represented by the light field microscopy schematic, and in (5) the microtomographic analysis (micro-CT) is displayed. This figure was created with BioRender.com, accessed on 14 December 2022.
Fig 2.
Systemic inflammatory biomarker levels of rats submitted or not to aerobic physical training and experimental-induced periodontitis.
In A, C-reactive Protein (mg/dL); In B, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β; pg/mL); In C, Interleukin-6 (IL-6; pg/mL); In D, Interleukin-10 (IL-10; pg/mL); and in E, Tumoral Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α; pg/mL). Similar letters indicate no statistical difference (p>0.05) and different superscript letters indicate statistical difference (p<0.05) by ANOVA-1 way with Tukey’s post hoc test. In CRP, IL-1β, and TNF- α analyses, the difference was only detected in the PD group. While IL-10 and IL-6, only PD and PD+PT show statistical differences.
Fig 3.
Local oxidative biochemistry markers levels of rats submitted or not to aerobic physical training and experimental-induced periodontitis.
In A, Reduced Glutathione (GSH; nmol/mg), and in B, Lipid Peroxidation determined by Malondialdehyde levels (MDA; nmol/mg). Different superscript letters indicate statistical difference (p<0.05) by ANOVA-1 way with Tukey’s post hoc test.
Fig 4.
Gross histopathology of the periodontium of rats submitted or not to aerobic physical training and experimental-induced periodontitis.
Letters A, B, C, and D represent Control, Physical Training, Periodontitis, and Periodontitis + Physical Training groups, respectively. Magnification of 10x. Scale bar: 200μm.
Fig 5.
Alveolar bone microtomographic assessment in rats submitted or not to aerobic physical training and experimental-induced periodontitis.
In A, Trabecular Thickness (mm); In B, Trabecular Spacing (mm); In C, the ratio between Bone Volume (BV) and Tissue Volume (TV) expressed as a percentage (%). Different superscript letters indicate statistical difference (p<0.05) by ANOVA-1 way with Tukey’s post hoc test. Microtomographic images D, E, F and G, illustrate the inter radicular alveolar bone of groups Control, Physical Training (PT), Periodontitis (PD), and Periodontitis + Physical Training (PD + PT), respectively. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Fig 6.
Alveolar bone loss analysis of rats submitted or not to aerobic physical training and experimental-induced periodontitis.
Red arrows A1, B1, C1, and D1 shows alveolar bone crest loss in Control, Physical Training (PT), Periodontitis (PD), and Periodontitis + Physical Training (PD + PT), respectively. Microtomographic images B2, C2, D2, and D2, illustrate the quantitative results in E of groups Control, Physical Training (PT), Periodontitis (PD), and Periodontitis + Physical Training (PD + PT), respectively. Blue arrows highlight alveolar bone loss in buccal region between molar roots. In E, the measurement of the linear distance (mm) between the cementum-enamel junction (CEJ) and alveolar bone crest (ABC). Different superscript letters indicate statistical difference (p<0.05) by ANOVA-1 way with Tukey’s post hoc test. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Table 1.
MANOVA analysis for bone loss mitigation, cytokine and biochemical variables using Pillai’ Trace test.