Fig 1.
The Mendelian randomization framework is based on three fundamental Mendelian randomization assumptions. IVs, instrumental variables; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
Table 1.
Detailed information of data sources.
Fig 2.
Forest plots showed the causal associations between Alzheimer’s disease and erectile dysfunction.
IVW, inverse variance weighted; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms; CML, constrained maximum likelihood; MR- PRESSO, Mendelian randomization-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier.
Fig 3.
The causality of Alzheimer disease on erectile dysfunction.
(A) Scatter plot (B) Forest plot (C)Leave-one-out (D) Funnel plot. MR, Mendelian randomization; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
Table 2.
Summary of sensitivity results.
Fig 4.
MVMR analyses the causal effect of potential confounding cardiovascular disease in Alzheimer’s disease on erectile dysfunction.
MVMR, Multivariable Mendelian randomization; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; CHD, coronary heart disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; HTN, hypertension; IS, ischemic stroke; HF, heart failure MI, myocardial infarction.