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Fig 1.

Overview of research design.

The Mendelian randomization framework is based on three fundamental Mendelian randomization assumptions. IVs, instrumental variables; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.

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Table 1.

Detailed information of data sources.

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Fig 2.

Forest plots showed the causal associations between Alzheimer’s disease and erectile dysfunction.

IVW, inverse variance weighted; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms; CML, constrained maximum likelihood; MR- PRESSO, Mendelian randomization-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier.

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Fig 3.

The causality of Alzheimer disease on erectile dysfunction.

(A) Scatter plot (B) Forest plot (C)Leave-one-out (D) Funnel plot. MR, Mendelian randomization; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.

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Fig 3 Expand

Table 2.

Summary of sensitivity results.

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Table 2 Expand

Fig 4.

MVMR analyses the causal effect of potential confounding cardiovascular disease in Alzheimer’s disease on erectile dysfunction.

MVMR, Multivariable Mendelian randomization; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; CHD, coronary heart disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; HTN, hypertension; IS, ischemic stroke; HF, heart failure MI, myocardial infarction.

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Fig 4 Expand