Table 1.
Flowable composites used in this study.
Table 2.
The standards used in the study.
Table 3.
Primer sequences for genes used in this experiment.
Fig 1.
A- DPSCs with fibroblast-like morphology. B- Flowcytomettry analysis of surface antigens CD105, CD90, CD73, CD45, CD34, and HLA.
Fig 2.
In vitro differentiation assays.
A: Photomicrographs of ARS staining of DPSCs showing red calcium phosphate deposit staining confirm osteogenic differentiation. B: Photomicrographs of Oil Red O staining showing brownish-red oil droplets confirm adipogenic differentiation. C: Photomicrographs of Alcian Blue staining showing blue staining of sulfated proteoglycans confirm chondrogenic differentiation.
Fig 3.
Mean, standard deviation, and comparative statistics of cell viability percentage of DPSCs after exposure to flowable composite discs extracts at Day 1, 3, and 7. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 indicate significance.
Fig 4.
Mean monomer release (ug/ml) of TEGDMA, BISGMA, and UDMA from nano-hybrid flowable composites at days 1, 3, and 7.
Table 4.
HPLC analysis.
Fig 5.
Photomicrographs showing wound closure at the initiation of wound (day 0) and after 1, 2, and 3 days.
Fig 6.
Bar chart showing mean, standard deviation, and comparative statistical results of wound closure percentage on days 1, 2, and 3 of different dilutions of eluates, (a) Undiluted, (b) Dilution 1:2, and (c) Dilution 1:4 *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 indicates significance.
Fig 7.
Photomicrographs of ARS staining for the control group (A), Osteogenic group (B), AEF (C), and PNF (D) (x40 original magnification). (E) Bar chart of mean and standard deviation of the absorbance of ARS staining. **** p < 0.0001 indicates significance.
Fig 8.
The graph represents the enzymatic activity of ALP measured as the rate of pNPP accumulation across different groups. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 indicates significance.
Fig 9.
Bar chart showing relative gene expression of OPG, RUNX2, and DSPP. Data are presented as mean and standard deviation. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 indicates significance.