Fig 1.
Flow diagram describing participation in this study.
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CT, computed tomography.
Fig 2.
Sclerotherapy procedure for venous malformations.
(A) Adjust the position of the fluoroscopy device. (B) Insert a needle under ultrasound guidance. (C) Ultrasound image at the time (B-mode). The inserted needle is visible (arrow). (D) Apply negative pressure to confirm the presence of back flow (arrow). (E) During digital subtraction angiography, contrast is injected to confirm the location of the lesion and outflow pathways. Once it is confirmed that the needle is in the appropriate position and the injection volume is verified, inject the sclerosing agent diluted with contrast. (F) Fluoroscopy after multiple iterations of this process showing the persistence of the sclerosing agent within the lesion due to the contrast mixture. (G) Ultrasound imaging confirming the presence of a sclerosing agent under ultrasound guidance.
Fig 3.
A woman in her thirties with a painful intramuscular VM in the right thigh.
(A,B) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before sclerotherapy (T2-weighted images: axial and coronal views). (C) One slide of the image subjected to segmentation using OsiriX (image analysis software) on MRI before sclerotherapy. (D) Digital subtraction angiography during sclerotherapy showing the administration of the sclerosing agent diluted with contrast. (E,F) MRI 3 months after sclerotherapy (T2-weighted images: axial and coronal views), confirming lesion volume reduction. The patient reported the resolution of pain at this time.
Table 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the included patients.
Fig 4.
Waterfall plot of the evaluated lesion volume.
(A) Diagrams of cystic lesions and diffuse lesions. (B) Diagrams for all cases.
Table 2.
Patients who achieved ≥ 20% venous malformation volume reduction 3 months after the intervention.
Table 3.
Changes in self-reported, lesion-associated pain scores 3 months after sclerotherapy.