Fig 1.
Parenting process for adolescent mothers framework.
* Measured by Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Total score (5 childhood maltreatment subscales and 1 family strengths subscale). ** Structural stressors include sociodemographic factors and experience of COVID-19 pandemic.
Fig 2.
Explanatory sequential mixed methods design.
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the sample.
Table 2.
Adjusted regression analyses for maternal characteristics and reflective parenting.
Table 3.
Adjusted regression analyses for maternal characteristics and parenting behaviors.
Table 4.
Adjusted regression analyses for maternal characteristics and child behaviors.
Fig 3.
Qualitative themes.
Fig 4.
Linking quantitative constructs and qualitative themes.
Fig 5.
Joint display–former adolescent mothers’ experiences through emerging adulthood.
Fig 6.
Joint display–MTB and control group differences.