Fig 1.
Measuring proprioception using a laser pointer mounted on the participant’s forehead.
Data collection carried out in sitting and standing.
Table 1.
Mean, standard deviation, and range of the scores for patient reported outcome measures assessed at baseline and after the four-week training intervention.
Table 2.
Mean and standard deviation of the absolute and constant JPE measured in sitting at baseline and at the follow-up session using a laser pointer.
Cohen’s d effect sizes demonstrate the internal responsiveness of the measures.
Table 3.
Mean and standard deviation of the absolute and constant JPE measured in standing at baseline and at follow-up session using a laser pointer.
Cohen’s d effect sizes demonstrate the internal responsiveness of the measures.
Table 4.
Mean and standard deviation of the absolute JPE measured in sitting and standing at baseline and at follow-up session for a subgroup of participants with ≥3◦ of absolute JPE using a laser pointer.
Cohen’s d effect sizes demonstrate the internal responsiveness of the measures.
Table 5.
Correlation of changed scores between the laser pointer and the IMUs measured in sitting and standing for the absolute and constant JPE to evaluate the external responsiveness of the measure.