Table 1.
Primer sequence used for qRT-PCR.
Fig 1.
Different interactions of Rutin, amino acid interactions with D-A surface, with amino acid pocket residues (left), amino acid interactions with target receptor (middle) and 2D interaction diagram (right) after molecular docking 1A3Q (NF-κB), 1DGB (Catalase), 1HZ2 (MDA), 2L3Y (IL-6), 2NZT (Hexokinase 2), 2P31 (Glutathione peroxidase), 5D14 (IL-8), 7WT1 and (Glyoxylase-1) target proteins.
Fig 2.
Different interactions of Vitamin A, amino acid interactions with D-A surface, with amino acid pocket residues (left), amino acid interactions with target receptor (middle) and 2D interaction diagram (right) after molecular docking using 1A3Q (NF-κB), 1DGB (Catalase), 1HZ2 (MDA), 2L3Y (IL-6), 2NZT (Hexokinase 2), 2P31 (Glutathione peroxidase), 5D14 (IL-8), 7WT1 and (Glyoxylase-1) target proteins.
Table 2.
Binding affinity (kcal/mol) for investigated ligands rutin and vitamin A with target proteins.
Fig 3.
Impact of BSA, Metformin (1mM), Rutin (12.5–100μM) and Vitamin A (100–1200μg/ml), on the fructosamine concentration in the BSA fructose system.
All values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5) ***: p < 0.001 (when compared with BSA+Fru). ### p < 0.001 (when compared with BSA) Significant differences among treatments was observed after analysis by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc test.
Table 3.
Impact of various treatments on body weights (g) and blood glucose (mg/dL) in HFFD fed rats at the end of 42 days study.
Fig 4.
Effect of Metformin (120mg/kg), Rutin (100mg/kg), Vitamin A (43IU/kg), Rutin (100mg/kg) + Vitamin A (43IU/kg) on AGE biomarkers, oxidative stress markers and gene expression of inflammatory markers in HFFD fed rats.
Fig 5.
Photomicrographs of histopathology of liver and pancreas excised from rats provided different treatments.
A: Normal control, B: HFFD, C: HFFD + Metformin, D: HFFD + Rutin, E: HFFD + Vit A, F: HFFD + Rutin + Vit A. HPC: Hepatocytes. 1: Focal vacuolation of hepatocytes, 2: Raptured blood vessels, 3: Inflammatory infiltrates, 4: Hepatic sinusoidal congestion, 5: Normal morphology. G: Normal control, H: HFFD, I: HFFD + Metformin, J: HFFD + Rutin, K: HFFD and Vit A, L: HFFD + Rutin + Vit A. 1: Normal islet, 2: Depleted blood vessels, 3: Shrunken islet: Green arrows present islets.