Fig 1.
Bacteriome diversity in hilsa fish.
(a) Within subject (Alpha) diversity measure. Observed, Chao1, Shannon, Simpson, InvSimpson and Fisher indices estimated alpha diversity in hilsa fish samples according to host habitat i.e., freshwater (FW), brackish water (BW) and marine water (MW). The within sample diversity are plotted on boxplots and comparisons are made with pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Significance level (p-value) 0.01 and 0.05 are represented by the symbols "**", and "*", respectively. (b) Between subject (Beta) diversity measure according to host habitat i.e., FW, BW and MW. Bacterial beta diversity was calculated using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity distance method, and visualized on principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots. The samples are coloured according to host habitat (e.g., FW: cheese orange, BW: dragon green and MW: cherry red) and joined with the respective ellipses. Pairwise comparisons on a distance matrix using PERMANOVA test under reduced model shows significant bacterial community differences across the habitats (p = 0.05, R2 = 0.246). NS refers to non-significant.
Fig 2.
Taxonomic profile of bacteriomes in hilsa fish at the phylum level.
The bar plots representing the relative abundance of bacterial phyla in freshwater (FW), brackish water (BW) and marine water (MW) samples. Each stacked bar plot represents the abundance of bacterial phyla in each sample of the corresponding category. Notable differences in bacterial phyla are those where the taxon is abundant in one habitat, and effectively not detected in rest of the two habitats. The distribution and relative abundance of the bacterial phyla in the study metagenomes are also available in S1 Data.
Fig 3.
Taxonomic profile of bacteriomes in hilsa fish at the order level.
Heatmap showing the average relative abundances and hierarchical clustering of the bacterial orders in the study in freshwater (FW), brackish water (BW) and marine water (MW) samples. The colour bar (row Z score) at the top represents the relative abundance of the bacterial orders in the corresponding samples. The colour codes indicate the presence and completeness of each bacterial taxa, expressed as a value between = 3 (lowest abundance) and 3 (highest abundance). The red colour indicates the more abundant patterns, while blue cells account for less abundant bacterial orders in that particular sample.
Fig 4.
The genus-level taxonomic profile of bacteriomes.
The bar plots representing the relative abundance of 40 bacterial genera in freshwater (FW), brackish water (BW) and marine water (MW) samples. Each stacked bar plot represents the abundance of bacterial genera in each sample of the corresponding category. Notable differences in bacterial genera are those where the taxon is abundant in one habitat, and effectively not detected in rest of the two habitats. The distribution and relative abundance of the bacterial genera in the study metagenomes are also available in S1 Data.
Fig 5.
Mean relative abundance and within‐group divergence of top abundant 25 bacterial genera.
Relative abundances of top 25 abundant genera and within‐group (i.e., freshwater; FW, brackish water; BW and marine water; MW) divergence by use of Bray—Curtis dissimilarity. In the boxplots, the middle line represents the median, the lower hinge corresponds to the first quartile (25th percentile), the upper hinge corresponds to the third quartile (75th percentile), the whiskers extend to the largest and smallest values. The samples are coloured according to host habitats (e.g., FW: cheese orange, BW: dragon green and MW: cherry red). Pairwise comparisons were done by use of the Kruskal—Wallis test. All p values are adjusted. We considered p values less than 0.05 and adjusted p values less than 0.1 to be significant. NS refers to non-significant.