Fig 1.
The location of the sonomicrometry crystals implanted on the tricuspid annulus, the right ventricle free wall, and the right ventricle apex.
AL, anterior leaflet; PL, posterior leaflet; SL, septal leaflet.
Fig 2.
Global and regional average systolic tricuspid annular cardiac strains.
Values are calculated with reference to the configuration at maximal valve area time. The upper and lower borders of the box represent the upper and lower quartile. The middle horizontal line represents the median. The upper and lower whiskers represent the maximum and minimum values. P values from paired t-test. SR, sinus rhythm; AF, atrial fibrillation.
Table 1.
Hemodynamic parameters.
Fig 3.
The annular area throughout the cardiac cycle in SR and AF.
Data are presented as mean (solid line) ± standard error (shaded area). SR, sinus rhythm; AF, atrial fibrillation; ED, end-diastole; ES, end-systole; EIVC, end of isovolumic contraction; EIVR, end of isovolumic relaxation.
Table 2.
Regional tricuspid annular perimeter.
Table 3.
Tricuspid annular dimensions.
Fig 4.
Regional tricuspid annular contractility in the SR and during induced atrial fibrillation.
Contractility was calculated as the percent difference between maximal and minimal regional perimeter. Crystal numbers (#1–6) as depicted in Fig 1. The upper and lower borders of the box represent the upper and lower quartile. The middle horizontal line represents the median. The upper and lower whiskers represent the maximum and minimum values Top; anterior annulus (crystal #1, #2, #3). Middle, posterior annulus (crystals #3, #4, #5). Bottom, septal annulus (crystals #5, #6, #1). SR, sinus rhythm; AF, atrial fibrillation.
Fig 5.
Regional cardiac strain changes during cardiac cycle.
Data are presented as mean (solid line) ± standard error (shaded area). SR, sinus rhythm; AF, atrial fibrillation; ED, end-diastole; ES, end-systole; EIVC, end of isovolumic contraction; EIVR, end of isovolumic relaxation. 1. Anterior annular strain; 2. Posterior annular strain; 3. Septal annular strain.
Fig 6.
Average tricuspid annular strains in atrial fibrillation (lower panel) with reference to sinus rhythm configuration (upper panel). The metric is shown on the average annular spline. The positive strain values indicate relative annular stretch, and the negative values annular compression. Crystal 1, 3, and 5 represent anteroseptal, anteroposterior, and posteroseptal commissures, respectively. ED, end-diastole; ES, end-systole; EIVC, end of isovolumic contraction; EIVR, end of isovolumic relaxation; MAX, maximal valve area time; MIN, minimal valve area time.