Fig 1.
Map of the study area showing the locations of the 80 survey points.
The buffer region from which the first 70 survey points were selected is outlined in black, with the road (red line), railroad (orange line), and powerline (blue line) depicted within. The ten remaining survey points are to the south located in interior forest.
Table 1.
Distance categories that were used to spatially stratify the points at which bird surveys were conducted. Ten plots were surveyed in proximity (<1 km) to each infrastructure type/combination.
Table 2.
Vegetation variables measured at each survey point.
Table 3.
Bird species that are notably associated with distance to linear infrastructure. Dependency on interior forest is based on habitat descriptions from Warakagoda et al. (2012).
Fig 2.
Ordination plot illustrating bird species’ responses to distance from road, railroad, and powerline.
Vectors (black lines) represent distance from each infrastructure type and summary axes (blue lines) show distance to different infrastructure combinations. Species that prefer habitat close to a given LI occur opposite the respective vector and closer to the respective summary axis. (TIBF- Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher; BNMO- Black-naped Monarch; BCBU- Black-capped Bulbul; WRSH- White-rumped Shama; CFBA- Crimson-fronted Barbet; LOSU- Long Billed Sunbird; BCBA- Sri Lanka Brown-capped Babbler; SLGH- Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill; SRLJ- Sri Lanka Junglefowl; SMMI- Small Minivet; RVBU- Red-vented Bulbul; WRMU- White-rumped Munia; RRPA- Rose-ringed Parakeet; WBBU- White-browed Bulbul). Orange markers represent species that prefer interior forest, purple markers represent species that prefer proximity to LI, and green markers represent species that specifically favor the powerline but not the other two LI types; endemic species are denoted with asterisks and species with naturalized populations around the globe are denoted with triangles.
Fig 3.
Box plot comparing species groups (Endemic, Naturalized, and Other) based on their positions along the First Summary Axis, representing the gradient from interior forest (low values) to sites proximal to LI (high values).
Groups with different letters vary significantly in their placement along this axis.