Fig 1.
Physical model of homogenization for the multiphase periodic nonuniform composite materials embedded with SMA.
Fig 2.
Unit cell physical model of equivalent stress transfer in three-phase coaxial cylindrical model.
Fig 3.
Comparison between present analytical methods and Wang’s simulation results (a) Distribution of axial stresses in fibers; (b) Distribution of shear stress at the interface.
Table 1.
Material properties of SMA, graphite, and epoxy resin [46].
Fig 4.
Changes in SMA elastic modulus and recovery stress with temperature.
Fig 5.
Stress distribution of fiber phase, interface phase, and matrix phase in SMA composite materials: (a) Temperature 25°C; (b) Temperature 100°C.
Fig 6.
Effect of SMA pre-strain on SMAC stress distribution: (a) Axial stress of SMA fiber phase; (b) Axial stress of interface phase; (c) Shear stress between SMA fiber phase/interface phase; (d) Shear stress between interface phase/matrix phase.
Fig 7.
Effect of SMA volume fraction on stress distribution of SMAC: (a) Axial stress of SMA fiber phase; (b) Axial stress of interface phase; (c) Shear stress between SMA fiber phase/interface phase; (d) Shear stress between interface phase/matrix phase.
Fig 8.
Effect of graphite volume fraction on stress distribution of SMAC: (a) Axial stress of SMA fiber phase; (b) Axial stress of interface phase; (c) Shear stress between SMA fiber phase/interface phase; (d) Shear stress between interface phase/matrix phase.
Fig 9.
Preparation process flow of matrix and SMAC specimens: (a) Matrix liquid mixing and preparation; (b) Mixing, dispersion and defoaming; (c) Matrix mold pouring; (d) Mold making of SMAC specimens; (e) SMAC mold pouring; (f) Drying oven curing molding.
Fig 10.
SMAC cross-section samples and testing instruments: (a) Demolding specimen; (b) SMAC laser cutting section; (c) Field emission scanning electron microscope.
Fig 11.
Morphology of Connection between SMA Composite Fiber and Substrate: (a) Micromorphology of two SMA fibers; (b) Microscopic morphology of one SMA fiber; (c) Enlarged view of connection interface morphology.
Fig 12.
Electronic universal testing machine.
Fig 13.
Tensile Experiment Instrument and Test Diagram of Tensile Specimens: (a) SMA wire with a diameter of 0.7 mm; (b) Epoxy resin; (c) 2% graphite + epoxy resin; (d) Three SMA wires with a diameter of 0.7 mm + 2% graphite + epoxy resin.
Table 2.
Comparison of experimental and theoretical results of macroscopic elastic modulus.