Table 1.
The nutritional compositions of extracts from polished and unpolished Kaab Dum rice.
Fig 1.
LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS chromatograms of polished (A) and unpolished (B) Kaab Dum rice extracts.
Table 2.
Chemical compositions of polished Kaab Dum rice extract.
Table 3.
Chemical compositions of unpolished Kaab Dum rice extract.
Fig 2.
Cytotoxicity of Kaab Dum rice extracts on HaCaT cells using the MTT assay for 24 h.
A and C: Safety dose for polished and unpolished extract, respectively. B and D: The highest safe concentration dose for polished and unpolished extract, respectively. Significance level: **** (p < 0.0001).
Fig 3.
Effect of polished (PKD) and unpolished (UKD) Kaab Dum rice extracts on oxidative stress in TGF-ꞵ-induced HaCaT cells using the DCFH-DA method.
Oxidative stress represents 100% control. Statistical significance: *** (p < 0.001), **** (p < 0.0001).
Fig 4.
Effect of polished (PKD) and unpolished (UKD) Kaab Dum rice extracts on ER stress inhibition in HaCaT cells induced as chronic wounds by TGF-ꞵ, observed under a fluorescence microscope at 40X magnification.
A: Expression of PERK protein after 24 h. B: Intensity of PERK protein after 24 h. Statistical significance: ** (p < 0.01), **** (p < 0.0001).
Fig 5.
Effect of polished (PKD) and unpolished (UKD) Kaab Dum rice extracts on the migration (wound closure) of TGF-β-induced HaCaT cells using a wound healing assay at 24 and 48 h.
A: Wound closure at 24 and 48 h. B: Percentage of wound healing at 24 h. C: Percentage of wound healing at 48 h. Statistical significance: * (p < 0.05), ** (p < 0.01), *** (p < 0.001), **** (p < 0.0001).
Fig 6.
Effect of polished (PKD) and unpolished (UKD) Kaab Dum rice extracts on p21 protein expression in TGF-ꞵ-induced HaCaT cells using flow cytometry at 24 h.
A: p21 protein expression. B: Percentage of p21 protein expression in positive cells. Significance level: **** (p < 0.0001).
Fig 7.
Effects of polished (PKD) and unpolished UKD) Kaab Dum rice extracts on senescence of TGF-ꞵ-induced HaCaT cells using senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining at 24.
A: Senescent cells stained blue with SA-β-gal enzyme reaction. B: Percentage of positive cells. Significance: * (p < 0.05), ** (p < 0.01), *** (p < 0.001).