Fig 1.
Map of Tuojiang River basin (the map was created by our team using standard maps obtained from the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China (https://www.mnr.gov.cn/) using ArcMap 10.8).
These maps with approval numbers can be accessed free of charge from the agency’s public website GS(2023)2765 (http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn /browse.html?picId = %224o28b0625501ad13015501ad2bfc2190%22), Sichuan S(2021)00056 (https://scsm.mnr.gov.cn/StandMaps/mapDetails.html).
Fig 2.
Overall methodological framework.
Fig 3.
Water demand in the Tuojiang River basin from 2005 to 2020.
Table 1.
Water demand forecasting indicator system.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of data.
Fig 4.
Flow chart of the GA-BP neural network.
Fig 5.
Comparison of boxplot before and after outlier processing.
Fig 6.
Correlation heatmap of parameters influencing water demand.
Table 3.
Main parameter of the artificial intelligence models.
Fig 7.
Comparison of predicted and actual values based on (a)GA-BP; (b)GPR; (c)SVR; (d)ELM; (e)RF for agricultural water demand.
Table 4.
Performance evaluation results for each model for agricultural water demand.
Fig 8.
Comparison of predicted and actual values based on (a)GA-BP; (b)GPR; (c)SVR; (d)ELM; (e)RF for industrial water demand.
Table 5.
Performance evaluation results for each model for industrial water demand.
Fig 9.
Comparison of predicted and actual values based on (a)GA-BP; (b)GPR; (c)SVR; (d)ELM; (e)RF for domestic water demand.
Table 6.
Performance evaluation results for each model for domestic water demand.
Fig 10.
Comparison of predicted and actual values based on (a)GA-BP; (b)GPR; (c)SVR; (d)ELM; (e)RF for ecologial water demand.
Table 7.
Performance evaluation results for each model for ecological water demand.
Fig 11.
Map of water demand in the Tuo River basin in 2025 ((the map was created by our team using standard maps obtained from the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China (https://www.mnr.gov.cn/) using ArcMap 10.8)).
These maps with approval numbers can be accessed free of charge from the agency’s public website GS(2023)2765 (http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn /browse.html?picId = %224o28b0625501ad13015501ad2bfc2190%22), Sichuan S(2021)00056 (https://scsm.mnr.gov.cn/StandMaps/mapDetails.html).
Table 8.
Comparison of water demand of six regions in 2020 and 2025.