Fig 1.
Simplified overview of the molecular alterations and corresponding conditions related to sphingolipid accumulation.
Abbreviations: FFA = free fatty acids, acyl-CoA = acyl-coenzyme A, PP2A = protein phosphatase 2 A, PKCζ = protein kinase C zeta, Akt = serine–threonine kinase Akt, HSL = hormone-sensitive lipase, CD36 = cluster of differentiation 36, also known as a fatty acid translocase, SREBP-1 = sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1, TAG = triacylglycerides, MSS1 = mitochondrial fission factor 1, BAX = bcl-2-like protein 4, SMAD3 = Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3, NAFLD = non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus, NASH = non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, CAD = coronary artery disease. Blue boxes highlight pathophysiological changes and related clinical conditions. This figure is based on [12, 17].
Table 1.
Items from the World Health Organization trial registration data set.
Table 2.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Fig 2.
Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) schedule of enrolment, interventions, and assessments.
Fig 3.
Schedule and sequence of study procedures as planned for study visits.
Abbreviations: ECG = electrocardiogram, CPET = cardio-pulmonary exercise testing, HIIT = high intensity interval training.
Fig 4.
Abbreviations: HIIT = high intensity interval training, Cer = Ceramide, VO2peak = peak oxygen uptake.
Fig 5.
Sample size calculation.
Fig 6.
Directed acyclic graph representing the effect of HIIT on sphingolipid levels and other influencing variables.
Abbreviations: HIIT = high-intensity interval training, CRF = cardiorespiratory fitness, PA = physical activity, SL = sphingolipid levels.