Fig 1.
The morphology of the landslide.
Fig 2.
The gradation curve of the soil sample.
Table 1.
Physical parameters of the soil samples.
Fig 3.
The Sample preparation process.
Fig 4.
The vegetation coverage (VC) and root content.
Table 2.
Test scheme.
Fig 5.
The test steps.
Fig 6.
Sample stress‒strain curves: (a) The influence of VC and confining pressure; (b) The influence of VC and number of freeze‒thaw cycles.
Fig 7.
Shear failure image after 8 freeze‒thaw cycles.
Fig 8.
Shear strength variation curve.
(a) Relationship between shear strength and VC (σ3 = 200 kPa); (b) Relationship between shear strength and number of freeze‒thaw cycles (σ3 = 200 kPa).
Table 3.
The λi−j values for different VC and freeze‒thaw cycle test conditions.
Fig 9.
The relationship of the shear strength parameter and strength damage coefficient with the number of freeze‒thaw cycles.
(a) cohesion; (b) internal friction angle; (c) Kc; and (d) Kφ.
Fig 10.
Shear wave velocity test results.
Fig 11.
Microstructure of the bare soil and root–soil composite samples before and after freezing and thawing.
Fig 12.
Baijiabao landslide simulation model.
(a) I-I’ profile (Fig 1); (b) Numerical simulation effect diagram; (c) Grids and nodes.
Table 4.
Deformation calculation parameters of the Baijiabao landslide.
Table 5.
Slope displacement and safety factor statistics of different VCs.
Table 6.
Analysis table of the displacement and safety factor of bare soil and vegetation-covered slopes after different numbers of freeze‒thaw cycles.
Fig 13.
Strength attenuation mechanism of the root–soil composite under freeze‒thaw action.