Fig 1.
MRI of the lumbar spine in axial view at L4–L5 lumbar level.
Table 1.
Study sample characteristics by groups.
Fig 2.
Comparison of multifidus rmCSA among the three groups.
Table 2.
Multifidus, erector spinae, and psoas major muscle parameters and analysis of variance results.
Table 3.
Pairwise comparison of muscle parameters in different groups.
Fig 3.
Comparison of multifidus MFI index among the three groups.
Fig 4.
Comparison of erector spinae rmCSA among the three groups.