Fig 1.
Flow diagram of the systematic review.
Central, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; CINAHL, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PEDro; Physiotherapy Evidence Database.
Table 1.
Basic summary of included studies.
Fig 2.
Network plot of comparison for sleep quality outcome.
Aerobic exercise was the most frequently compared program among various interventions, and control was the most frequently compared one as control. aer, aerobic exercise; aerres, aerobic exercise and resistance training; aerresed, aerobic exercise, resistance training, and education; bad, baduanjin; ctrl, control: ed, education; lsm, lifestyle modification; med, meditation; nut, nutritional intervention; nutpa, nutritional intervention and pysical activity; pa, physical activity; plb, placebo; res, resistance training; self, self-monitor; sh, sleep hygiene; shpa, sleep hygiene and physical activity.
Fig 3.
Forest plots displaying the standardized mean differences between control and various interventions for improving sleep quality.
Resistance training, physical activity, nutritional intervention, the combination of nutritional intervention and physical activity were more effective in improving sleep quality than control. CI, confidence interval; aer, aerobic exercise; aerres, aerobic exercise and resistance training; aerresed, aerobic exercise, resistance training, and education; bad, baduanjin; ed, education; lsm, lifestyle modification; med, meditation; nut, nutritional intervention; nutpa, nutritional intervention and pysical activity; pa, physical activity; plb, placebo; res, resistance training; self, self-monitor; sh, sleep hygiene; shpa, sleep hygiene and physical activity; SMD, standardized mean differences.