Fig 1.
Study site and municipalities of La Huerta, Cihuatlan and Tomatlán where watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and green tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) crops were sampled during the dry seasons of 2008, and 2014 to 2017. Letters A and B are examples of the land use/cover classes; A shows sampling sites distant from the Chamela-Cuixmala Reserve, and B shows sampling sites near the Chamela-Cuixmala Reserve.
Fig 2.
Flowers of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) from Jalisco, Mexico.
(A) pistillate flowers and (B) staminate flowers.
Fig 3.
Hermaphrodite flowers of green tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) from Jalisco, Mexico.
Fig 4.
Composition and relative abundance of bee species visiting the male and female flowers of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and the bisexual flowers of green tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) in Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico across years 2015–2017.
Fig 5.
Pollination visitation rates (mean ± SE number of pollinator visits flower -1 h -1) to watermelon and green tomato flowers in Jalisco, Mexico during years 2015 to 2017.
(A) Visits to watermelon male and female flowers, (B) visits to green tomato bisexual flowers. Different colors indicate different bee species and flower gender for the monoecious species watermelon (Citrullus lanatus).
Fig 6.
Pollinator visitation rates by bee species.
Pollinator visitation rates (mean ± SE number of pollinator visits flower -1 h -1) for: (A) male (M) and female (F) flowers of watermelon (We did not find significant differences), and (B) bisexual flowers of green tomato (We find significant differences) in Jalisco, Mexico during years 2015 to 2017. For Fig 6B, different letters indicate significant differences between groups (P < 0.05) with Tukey´s ad hoc test.
Fig 7.
Pollen grains on the bodies of pollinators.
Mean (± SE) number of pollen grains on the bodies of pollinator taxa collected in (A) Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and (B) Green Tomato (Physalis ixocarpa), in the region of Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico during years 2015 to 2017. Different letters indicate significant differences between groups (P < 0.05) with Tukey´s ad hoc test.
Fig 8.
Pollination efficiency treatments.
Mean (± SE) fruit set of pollination efficiency treatments conducted to determine the potential for autonomous fruit production (in the absence of pollinators) and the pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera (one pollinator visit). (A) Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) (B) Green tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) plants. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05) with Tukey ad hoc test.
Fig 9.
Correlation between the abundance of pollinators in green tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) crops and forest cover in 16 crops for the year 2008.