Table 1.
Serotype distribution, MLST profiles and MDR characteristics of 114 Salmonella isolates.
Fig 1.
Distribution of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Salmonella strains.
As shown, 53.5% of isolates exhibited resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes, defining multidrug resistance (MDR). Different numbers in the x-axis denote the numbers of antimicrobials. Blue, yellow, and orange columns represent susceptibility/intermediate susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance, respectively.
Fig 2.
Comparison of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella from different sources.
(A) The AMR and MDR characteristics of Salmonella isolated from food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical cases are illustrated. Earthy yellow and orange-red columns indicate AMR and MDR, respectively. (B) The heatmap depicts the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains from various sources to 17 antibiotics. The numbers in cells represent the percentage (%) of antimicrobial resistance isolates. The color bar is located in the upper right corner. Red indicates the resistance rate of Salmonella isolates, with darker shades denoting higher resistance rates. Abbreviations: TET: Tetracycline; AMP: Ampicillin; STR: Streptomycin; NAL: Nalidixic acid; SXT: Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole; CHL: Chloramphenicol; KAN: Kanamycin; CZO: Cefazolin; GEN: Gentamicin; CTX: Cefotaxime; AZM: Azithromycin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; ATM:aztreonam; NIT: Nitrofurantoin; AMI:amikacin; AMC: Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; MEM: Meropenem.
Fig 3.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to 17 antibiotics.
Light blue, gray, and orange columns represent sensitivity, intermediate sensitivity, and resistance, respectively. Column height is proportional to the ratio. Abbreviations: S: Susceptible; I: Intermediate susceptible; R: Resistant. TET: Tetracycline; AMP: Ampicillin; STR: Streptomycin; SXT: Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole; NAL: Nalidixic acid; CHL: Chloramphenicol; KAN: Kanamycin; CZO: Cefazolin; GEN: Gentamicin; CTX: Cefotaxime; AZM: Azithromycin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; ATM:aztreonam; NIT: Nitrofurantoin; AMI:amikacin; AMC: Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; MEM: Meropenem.
Fig 4.
Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of Salmonella isolated from different sources.
Blue, gray, and orange columns represent sensitivity, intermediate sensitivity, and resistance, respectively. Column length is proportional to the ratio. Abbreviations: S: Susceptible; I: Intermediate susceptible; R: Resistant. TET: Tetracycline; AMP: Ampicillin; STR: Streptomycin; SXT: Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole; NAL: Nalidixic acid; CHL: Chloramphenicol; KAN: Kanamycin; CZO: Cefazolin; GEN: Gentamicin; CTX: Cefotaxime; AZM: Azithromycin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; ATM: Aztreonam; NIT: Nitrofurantoin; AMI: Amikacin; AMC: Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; MEM: Meropenem.
Fig 5.
goeBURST diagrams of Salmonella isolates based on multilocus sequence typing of seven housekeeping genes presented by (A) serotype and (B) source, respectively. Each circle within the tree represents a single ST (Sequence Type). The size of the circle corresponds to the number of Salmonella strains represented. Links between circles are labeled with absolute distance.