Fig 1.
Flow diagram of study participants.
Table 1.
Sex-specific and age-specific crude cumulative incidence and rate ratio of hemorrhagic stroke and CVST during the pre-pandemic (2007–2019) and pandemic (2020–2022) periods.
Statistically significant results were bold typed.
Fig 2.
Real-world incidence of hemorrhagic stroke and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis from 2020 to 2022 versus estimated incidence projections based on 2007–2019 incidence data.
The blue lines denote the observed incidence, green line the expected incidence, darker and lighter grey shades 80% and 95% CI of the predicted incidence, respectively. (a) subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). (b) intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). (c) cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST).
Fig 3.
Visualization of known risk factors for the prevalence of hemorrhagic stroke and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) from the pre-pandemic (2007–2019) versus post-pandemic (2020–2022) period through a pyramid chart.
Blue bars in the left indicate pre-pandemic prevalence of incident hemorrhagic stroke or CVST cases. Red bars in the right indicate pandemic prevalence of incident hemorrhagic stroke or CVST cases. The x-axis denotes prevalence metrics per 100,000 persons. (a) subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). (b) intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). (c) cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Abbreviations: HTN, hypertension; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; Afib, atrial fibrillation; LC, liver cirrhosis; ADPKD, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; MMD, Moyamoya disease; AVM, arteriovenous malformation.
Table 2.
Summary of time-series correlation analyses between hemorrhagic stroke & CVST and known risk factors during the pre-pandemic (2007–2019) and pandemic (2020–2022) periods.
Statistically significant results were bold typed.