Fig 1.
Soil column structure and description of soil sampling ports.
Here d = diameter and h = height.
Table 1.
Summary table for analysis of variance&.
Table 2.
Significant two-way interactions from Table 1, are represented here&.
Fig 2.
Day-wise distribution of ammonia volatilization (A) and nitrous oxide emission (B). Red color represents dry weather and blue color represents wet weather. Here, C = control, SC = surface compaction, SSC = sub-surface compaction.
Table 3.
Significant three-way interactions from Table 1, are represented here.
Fig 3.
Distribution of residual ammonium concentration by depth and comparisons between Surface Compaction (SC) and Sub-Surface Compaction (SSC) under simulated dry and wet weather conditions.
The lowercase letters indicate results from a least square difference (LSD) test for multiple mean comparisons. Distinct letters represent significant differences among means, whereas identical letters indicate no significant differences at a p<0.05 significance level.
Fig 4.
Depth-wise distribution of residual nitrate concentration.
Here SC = surface compaction and SSC = sub-surface compaction. The lowercase letters indicate results from a least square difference (LSD) test for multiple mean comparisons. Distinct letters represent significant differences among means, whereas identical letters indicate no significant differences at a p<0.05 significance level.
Fig 5.
Summarized results in graphical abstract.
Here red arrow represents an increase in particular nitrogen cycle steps, while the green arrow indicates a decrease; SC = surface compaction, and SSC = sub-surface compaction. Here, the control represents “no compaction” treatment.