Fig 1.
Epigynum and mating plugs of Diphya wulingensis.
A, ventral view, arrow points to fragmented SP in SG; B, caudal view, C, dorsal view; D, inner view, arrows indicate direction of sperm flow; E, detail of D, shows gland pores on S1 and S2; F–H, ventral view, shows mating plugs on epigynal plate, arrow in H points to SP spilled from SG. CG, copulatory groove; CO, copulatory opening; FG, fertilization groove; S1, primary spermatheca; S2, secondary spermatheca; SCP, secretion plug; SG, spermathecal groove; SP, sperm plug. Scale bars: mm.
Fig 2.
Cross sections of epigynum of Diphya wulingensis.
A, 3D-reconstructed epigynum, ventral view; B, internal space of reconstructed tracts; lines in A–B show section positions of C–H; C, section cross CG; D, section cross S2 stalk, left connecting to CG, right to SG; E, section cross SG; F, section cross SG and S1; G, section cross S1 and FG; H, section cross FG. CG, copulatory groove; DF, dorsal fold; FG, fertilization groove; S1, primary spermatheca; S2, secondary spermatheca; SCP, secretion plug; SG, spermathecal groove.
Fig 3.
3D-reconstructed epigynum of Diphya wulingensis.
A, C, E, G, epigynal plate and epigynal tracts, with integument of epigynal plate and tract wall semitransparent, those in thumbnails opaque; B, D, F, H, I, internal space of epigynal tracts; A–B, ventral view; C–D, caudal view; E–F, dorsal view; G–H, inner view, arrows in H indicate direction of sperm flow, blue line shows cross section of S2 stalk; I, lateral view, red line indicates slit opening on epigynal plate. CG, copulatory groove; FG, fertilization groove; GC, groove chamber; GE, groove edge; S1, primary spermatheca; S2, secondary spermatheca; SG, spermathecal groove.
Fig 4.
Schematic structure of epigynal tract of D. wulingensis.
A, schematic tract, space represents spermathecal chamber and groove cavity, shadow represents groove edge, double lines indicate groove slit on epigynal plate, blue lines indicate section positions in B–D; B, section cross CG and S2; C, cross section of S2 stalk; D, cross section of SG. CG, copulatory groove; CO, copulatory opening; FG, fertilization groove; GC, groove cavity; GE, groove edge; S1, primary spermatheca; S2, secondary spermatheca; SG, spermathecal groove.
Table 1.
Mating plugs in Diphya wulingensis.
Fig 5.
Types of entelegyne spermathecae.
A, B, K, Type-I SEG, arrow in A points to SP in SG slit; C, D, L, Type-II SED, arrow in C points to fusing trace of SG slit on EP; E, F, M, Type-II SED, without fusing trace on EP; G, H, N, Type-III SCG; I, J, O, Type-IV SCD. A–B, Tamgrinia alveolifen (Agelenidae); C–D, Leucauge sp. (Tetragnathidae); E–F, Hahnia zhejiangensis (Hahniidae); G–H, Neriene sp. (Linyphiidae); I–J, Trichonephila clavata (Nephilidae); A, C, E, G, I, epigynum ventral view; B, D, F, H, J, same, inner view; K–O, schematic drawings of four spermathecal types. AT, atrium; CD, copulatory duct; CF, common FD; CG, copulatory groove; CO, copulatory opening; FD, fertilization duct; FG, fertilization groove; EP, epigynal plate; S, spermatheca; S1, primary spermatheca; S2, secondary spermatheca; SCD, spermatheca of compacted duct; SCG, spermatheca of compacted groove; SD, spermathecal duct; SED, spermatheca of elongated duct; SEG, spermatheca of elongated groove; SG, spermathecal groove; SP, sperm plug. Scale bars: mm.
Fig 6.
Variation in elongated spermathecae of entelegyne spiders.
A–B, Nomisia ausserer (Gnaphosidae), shows S2 without significant lumen, arrow points to fusing trace of SG slit; C–D, Metleucauge yunohamensis (Tetragnathidae), shows S1 lost, S2 as the only significant receptacle; E–F, Kishidaia albimaculata (Gnaphosidae), shows well developed S1 and small S2, arrow points to fusing traces of SG slits. CO, copulatory opening; FG, fertilization groove; S1, primary spermatheca; S2, secondary spermatheca; SCP, secretion plug; SD, spermathecal duct; SG, spermathecal groove; SP, sperm plug. Scale bars: mm.
Table 2.
Spermathecal types in entelegyne spiders.
Fig 7.
Mating plugs in entelegyne spiders.
A−C, Trichonephila clavata (Nephilidae), showing SP in A−B, SCP in C; D−F, Acanoides hengshanensis (Linyphiidae), showing SP in D−E, SCP in F; G−I, Neriene emphana (Linyphiidae), showing SP in G−H, SCP in I; J−K, Agelena sylvatica (Agelenidae), showing SCP blocking incompletely in J and completely in K; L, Araneus diadematoides (Araneidae), showing GP and SP to coexist. AT, atrium; CO, copulatory opening; GP, genital plug; SCP, secretion plug; SP, sperm plug. Scale bars: mm.