Fig 1.
Photos of the damage situation of a pier (a, b in 1988) and a seawall (c, d in2017) in the Qiantang River.
Fig 2.
The experimental apparatus for generating the tidal bore at the downstream end of the flume.
Fig 3.
Three forms of tidal bore generated in the glass flume(a,b,c) and observed in the Qiantang River(d,e,f at Yanguan Station in 2010; g,h,i at Meinvba Station in 2022).
Fig 4.
The measurement method for those parameters of tidal bore and ebb flow.
Fig 5.
Schematic diagram and photograph of the experimental setup(a:diagram; b: the photo; c and d: the thin film piezoelectric pressure sensor).
Fig 6.
Profiles of Tidal bore fronts captured by the camera when h = 0.096m and v = 0.2m/s.
Fig 7.
Tidal levels of the bore fronts collected by the second wave-height sensor when h = 0.096m and v = 0.2m/s.
Fig 8.
Forms of tidal bores with Fr and H/h.
Fig 9.
Undular bores’ water surface elevation and pressure when h = 0.096 m and v = 0.2 m/s.
Fig 10.
Weak breaking bores’ water surface elevation and pressure when h = 0.096 m and v = 0.2 m/s.
Fig 11.
Strong breaking bores’ water surface elevation and pressure when h = 0.096 m and v = 0.2 m/s.
Table 1.
Experimental cases of tidal bore pressure test when h = 0.096 m and v = 0.2 m/s.
Fig 12.
Schematic diagram of impact pressure of the tidal bore fronts.
Fig 13.
Relationship of dimensionless impact pressure and elevation of tidal bore fronts.
Fig 14.
Field arrangement of pressure sensors at Daquekou in Qiantang estuary, China.
Fig 15.
Values comparison between calculation by Eqs (11) and (12) and field measurement.