Table 1.
Description of variables.
Table 2.
Results of Lagrange Multiplier test.
Table 3.
Descriptive statistics (N = 3,108).
Table 4.
Bivariate correlations between covariates (CV), independent variables (IV), and dependent variables (DV).
Fig 1.
Bivariate LISA cluster map for limited grocery store access (GSA) and obesity rates.
(a). Stamen map tiles (Map tiles by Stamen Design, under CC BY 4.0. Data by OpenStreetMap, under ODbL) were used to create the map. (b). Bivariate LISA cluster map for fast-food restaurants (FFR) density and obesity rates. Stamen map tiles (Map tiles by Stamen Design, under CC BY 4.0. Data by OpenStreetMap, under ODbL) were used to create the map. (c). Bivariate LISA cluster map for limited grocery store access (GSA) and diabetes rates. Stamen map tiles (Map tiles by Stamen Design, under CC BY 4.0. Data by OpenStreetMap, under ODbL) were used to create the map. (d). Bivariate LISA cluster map for fast-food restaurants (FFR) density and diabetes rates. Stamen map tiles (Map tiles by Stamen Design, under CC BY 4.0. Data by OpenStreetMap, under ODbL) were used to create the map. (e). Bivariate LISA cluster map for park access and obesity rates. Stamen map tiles (Map tiles by Stamen Design, under CC BY 4.0. Data by OpenStreetMap, under ODbL) were used to create the map. (f). Bivariate LISA cluster map for park access and diabetes rates. Stamen map tiles (Map tiles by Stamen Design, under CC BY 4.0. Data by OpenStreetMap, under ODbL) were used to create the map.
Table 5.
Global regression results from OLS regression and SEM.
Fig 2.
Local R-squared estimates (dependent variable: Obesity, independent variables: Non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, median age, bachelor’s degree or higher, female, unemployed, median household income, vehicle ownership, accessible recreational areas, people living in food desert area, fast-food restaurants).
tigris [60] package in R was used to download State and County shapefiles and tmap [61] package in R was used to create a figure.
Fig 3.
GWR estimates between park access and obesity.
(a). tigris [60] package in R was used to download State and County shapefiles and tmap [61] package in R was used to create a figure. (b). GWR estimates between the food deserts exposure and obesity. tigris [60] package in R was used to download State and County shapefiles and tmap [61] package in R was used to create a figure. (c). GWR estimates between fast-food restaurants density and obesity. tigris [60] package in R was used to download State and County shapefiles and tmap [61] package in R was used to create a figure.
Table 6.
Local coefficient summary (GWR-obesity).
Fig 4.
Local R-squared estimates (dependent variable: Diabetes, independent variables: Non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, median age, bachelor’s degree or higher, female, unemployed, median household income, vehicle ownership, accessible recreational areas, people living in food desert area, fast-food restaurants).
tigris [60] package in R was used to download State and County shapefiles and tmap [61] package in R was used to create a figure.
Fig 5.
GWR estimates between park access and diabetes.
(a). tigris [60] package in R was used to download State and County shapefiles and tmap [61] package in R was used to create a figure. (b). GWR estimates between the food deserts exposure and diabetes. tigris [60] package in R was used to download State and County shapefiles and tmap [61] package in R was used to create a figure. (c). GWR estimates between fast-food restaurants density and diabetes. tigris [60] package in R was used to download State and County shapefiles and tmap [61] package in R was used to create a figure.
Table 7.
Local coefficient summary (GWR-diabetes).
Fig 6.
Choropleth map of obesity in 2019.
(a). tigris [60] package in R was used to download State and County shapefiles and tmap [61] package in R was used to create a figure. (b). Choropleth map of diabetes in 2019. tigris [60] package in R was used to download State and County shapefiles and tmap [61] package in R was used to create a figure.