Fig 1.
Location of the three sampling sites in northern Senegal.
KMS: Keur Momar Sarr. Upper right corner: Map of Africa with Senegal coloured in yellow. Main figure: The solid circles correspond to the sampling points: Diama (River), Keur Momar Sarr (Lake) and Younoufere (Ponds).
Table 1.
Metadata and sequencing output of the 22 libraries of this study.
Fig 2.
Distribution and relative abundance of viral clusters in the libraries of Culex poicilipes and Culex tritaeniorhynchus.
Library names are indicated on top of the heatmap (see Table 1 for explanation of acronyms), along with a hierarchical clustering, and library colour indicates mosquito species (red: Culex poicilipes, blue: Culex tritaeniorhynchus). Tile colour stands for read abundance; the more abundant a cluster, the warmer the colour. The clusters are ranked following total read abundance.
Fig 3.
Analysis of alpha and beta diversities in the viromes of two Culex mosquitoes.
A. Distribution of species richness, Shannon and Simpson indices estimated from cluster data among libraries of Culex poicilipes (in red) and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (in blue). Dot color indicates the habitat while dot shape represents year. The significance of the comparison between distributions in each of the mosquito species is shown above boxplots (Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test; NS: Non-significant, *: p-value < 0.05, **: p-value < 0.01). B. Non-metric multidimensional scale analysis with Bray-Curtis dissimilarities obtained from the cluster data of the two Culex species. Dot color indicates mosquito species and dot shape represents habitat. C. Distributions of Sorensen (for presence-absence data) and Bray-Curtis (for abundance data) dissimilarities between viromes of the two Culex mosquitoes. Each point represents a dissimilarity index value between two libraries belonging each to a different mosquito species.
Fig 4.
Distribution of viral taxonomic units (VTUs) in three mosquito species.
A. Heatmap showing the presence (green) or absence (blue) of VTUs in libraries of the three mosquito species. Libraries and VTUs are ranked following a hierarchical clustering on the x-axis or the y-axis, respectively (dendrograms available on top and on the left of the heatmap). Library names are coloured following mosquito species (see Table 1 for explanation of acronyms), with libraries from Aedes vexans shown in green, Culex poicilipes in red and Culex tritaeniorhynchus in blue. B. Distribution of the 163 VTUs between the three mosquito species. Percentages between brackets represent the proportion of VTUs of each group in all VTUs. C. Distribution of the 26 VTUs shared by the three mosquito species (encircled in red) between clusters (outer donut graph) and phyla (inner pie chart).
Fig 5.
Host range and geographical distribution of 16 known viruses belonging to the shared viral taxonomic units (VTUs).
Viruses are ranked on the y-axis according to the number of mosquito species in which they have been found (shown in the column "Total_species" on the right side of the left panel). Left. Number of mosquito species and genera associated to the viruses. Genera are shown on the x-axis below the heatmap. Numbers in tiles represent the number of mosquito species per genus in which a given virus has been detected. Right. Countries and continents in which the viruses have been detected. Numbers in tiles stand for the number of countries per continent in which a given virus has been detected. The total number of countries is shown in the last column on the right (Total_country).