Fig 1.
Main avian migratory routes are described, with emphasis on the Atlantic route that passes through the collection sites marked on the map.
Lagoa do Peixe National Park (PNLP) in Rio Grande do Sul and Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park (PNRJ) in Rio de Janeiro. Republished from MapChart under a CC BY license, with permission from Minas Giannekas, original copyright CC BY-SA 4.0 Legal Code, 2024.
Fig 2.
Phylogenetic analysis of the PNLP and PNRJ influenza isolates hemagglutinin (HA) gene.
Brazilian samples in this study are written in a bold font. The clusters of high similarly sequences related are indicated by branches colored red (Human HA2, green (Eurasia and Oceania), blue (North America), gold (Iceland) and purple (South America). A total of 780 complete HA2 sequences available in NCBI Influenza Virus Database were used for this phylogenetic analysis. The tree was constructed using the GTR+F+I substitution model as selected by IQ-TREE Model Finder in a 1777 nt length alignment. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Bootstraps values greater than 50% were obtained in the analysis of 1000 replicates and are presented at the branching points. The tree was rooted with the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996H5N1) HA sequence (NC_007362.1) as the outgroup.
Fig 3.
Phylogenetic analysis of the PNRJ influenza isolate neuraminidase (NA-N1) gene.
The PNRJ sample is written in a bold font. North America branches are colored blue and South America are colored purple. The GTR+F+I substitution model was used as selected by IQ-TREE Model Finder, in a 1410 nt length alignment. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Bootstraps values greater than 50% were obtained in the analysis of 1000 replicates and are presented at the branching points. The tree was rooted with the A/District_Of_Columbia/50/2022(H1N1) NA sequence (OQ203115) as the outgroup.
Fig 4.
Phylogenetic analysis of PNLP influenza isolate neuraminidase (NA-N2) gene.
The PNRJ sample is written in a bold font. North America branches are colored blue, Eurasia and Oceania are colored green and South America are colored purple. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. The GTR+F+I substitution model was used as selected by IQ-TREE Model Finder, in a 1410 nt length alignment. Bootstraps values greater than 50% were obtained in the analysis of 1000 replicates and are presented at the branching points. The tree was rooted with the A/Korea/426/1968(H2N2) NA2 sequence (NC_007382) as the outgroup.