Fig 1.
Location of Galheta IV archaeological site and other settlements of Southern Santa Catarina.
Made with free vector and raster map data. Background: Natural Earth [34]; Digital elevation model: FABDEM V1-2 [35]; Rivers: Brazilian National Water Agency (ANA) [36]. All utilized geographical data are under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Software: QGIS 3.28. Note: Own elaboration.
Fig 2.
Excavation grid map of Galheta IV during the “Sambaquis e Paisagem” project.
Including the selected units for zooarchaeological analyses, location of burials and calibrated radiocarbon dates. The burial 2u is the Burial unknown 2, tooth isolated found in fauna samples. Note: Own elaboration.
Table 1.
List of human burials and type of analysis performed in this study and the literature.
Fig 3.
Calibrated radiocarbon dates for humans’ burials of Galheta IV archaeological site.
In blue the new dates obtained in this study.
Table 2.
Radiocarbon dates for Galheta IV archaeological site.
Fig 4.
Diagnostic bones and teeth used for taxonomic identification, and tools and adornments made from faunal remains.
A: Trachinotus sp. B: Archosargus probatocephalus. C: Genidens barbus D: Hoplias malabricus. E: Thalassarche sp. F: Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris G: Trachemys sp. H: Spheniscus magellanicus I: Arctocephalus australis J: tooth of Carcharodon carcharias polished and drilled twice at the root. K: Elasmobranchii vertebrae perforated. L: Cervidae horn retainer. M: bone tool made of mammal long bone. N: one-sided or two-sided bone tips made from bird and mammal long bones. Note: Own elaboration.
Fig 5.
δ13C and δ15N results for Galheta IV humans and fauna samples (n = 38).
Fig 6.
δ13C and δ15N results for Galheta IV humans’ bones and dentine samples (n = 18).
Fig 7.
Strontium isotopic ratios of humans and fauna enamel samples of Galheta IV (n = 15).
Fig 8.
A: the reconstructed vessel forms for Galheta IV. B: examples of external surface treatments recorded on the reconstructed forms for Galheta IV. C: the general set of external surface treatments recorded: smudged or with thin dark slip, thin red slip and plastic decoration (from left to right). Note: Own elaboration.
Table 3.
Bones analyzed by FTIR-ATR at Galheta IV.
Fig 9.
FTIR-ATR spectra of faunal and human bones from Galheta IV, representative of the different colors and heating temperatures.
Fig 10.
Geological map of part of southern Santa Catarina coast, with the region of the site Galheta IV magnified on the right corner.
Made with free vector and raster map data. Geological units: Brazilian Geological Survey (SGB) [115]; South America Administrative Boundaries: Brazilian National Water Agency (ANA) [116]. All utilized geographical data are under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Software: QGIS 3.28. Note: Own elaboration.