Table 1.
Overview of the studies included for meta-analysis.
Fig 1.
PRISMA workflow diagram for the included references.
The inclusion criteria and references added while performing the systematic review have been represented.
Table 2.
Publications retrieved concerning neuromodulation technique applied in ALS and their relevant outcomes.
Fig 2.
Meta-analysis using a random effects model of selected studies relating to MMT, MVIC and RMT.
(A) Shows the meta-analysis for muscle strength measured by manual muscle testing (MMT) (p = 0.012) (B) Shows the meta-analysis for maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) (p = 0.1883). (C) Shows the meta-analysis for resting motor threshold (RMT) (p = 0.0457). The plot shows the effect estimates and corresponding confidence intervals (CI) for each study included in the meta-analysis. The relative weight or contribution of each study to the overall effect estimate is also included in percentages. The overall weighted effect is indicated by a diamond at the bottom of the figure. The figure was generated with R software version 4.3.1.
Fig 3.
Meta-analysis using a random effects model of selected studies relating to ALSFRS-R (A) and quality of life (B). The plot shows the effect estimates and corresponding confidence intervals (CI) for each study included in the meta-analysis. The relative weight or contribution of each study to the overall effect estimate is also included in percentages. The overall weighted effect is indicated by a diamond at the bottom of the figure. The figure was generated with R software version 4.3.1.
Fig 4.
Meta-analysis using a random effects model of selected studies for the SICI (p = 0.0001) (A) and ICF (p = 0.1338) (B) variables assessed in the studies included. The plot shows the effect estimates and corresponding confidence intervals (CI) for each study included in the meta-analysis. The relative weight or contribution of each study to the overall effect estimate is also included in percentages. The overall weighted effect is indicated by a diamond at the bottom of the figure. The figure was generated with R software version 4.3.1.
Fig 5.
Meta-analysis using a random effects model of selected studies relating to BDNF variables assessed in the studies included.
The plot shows the effect estimates and corresponding confidence intervals (CI) for each study included in the meta-analysis. The relative weight or contribution of each study to the overall effect estimate is also included in percentages. The overall weighted effect is indicated by a diamond at the bottom of the figure. The figure was generated with R software version 4.3.1.
Table 3.
Included clinical research studies rated against the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.