Fig 1.
The lateral approach progresses from the supraclavicular region to the subclavicular region and further to the axilla, passing through the natural gap between the clavicular head and sternal head of sternocleidomastoid muscle, with the pathway gradually increasing in length.
Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics of patients in three surgical approach groups (`x±s).
Fig 2.
Box plots for operation time and total hospitalization cost among three surgical approach groups.
Table 2.
Presents the comparison of surgical parameters among the three surgical approach groups (`x±s).
Table 3.
Comparison of complications among the three approaches (`x±s).
Table 4.
Incision pain score at different time points after surgery in the three groups (`x±s).
Table 5.
Comparison of patient satisfaction among three surgical approaches at 3 months postoperatively[n (%)].