Fig 1.
Initial conceptual model.
Fig 2.
Initial conceptual SEM model structure.
Table 1.
Variable definitions and statistic descriptions.
Table 2.
Initial model fit results.
Table 3.
Model results modified based on MI indices.
Fig 3.
Standardized path coefficients of the revised model.
Table 4.
Fitness results of the modified model.
Table 5.
Coefficients and significance.
Table 6.
Examination results of e-commerce participation as a mediating variable.
Fig 4.
Standardized path coefficients diagram.
Table 7.
Standardized path coefficients and significance.