Table 1.
Inclusion criteria.
Table 2.
Exclusion criteria.
Fig 1.
Timeline of the study protocol.
The figure illustrates the sequence of circadian stabilisation periods, in-laboratory visits, and experimental sessions over a three-week period. Key events are shown relative to the onset of the dim light session. In-laboratory visits can include nights of sleep for adaptation and multiple sessions; stabilisation happens continuously throughout the study, but are labelled in relation to in-laboratory visits.
Fig 2.
Schematic of the 40-hour forced-desynchrony protocol.
This figure illustrates the ultra-short sleep-wake rhythm, displaying the relationship between clock time, time spent in the lab since protocol start, measurement blocks, and sleep-wake cycles. The timeline begins after an adaptation night and includes a 1-hour transition period for sensor placement. Each wake period (solid lines) lasts 2h30m, followed by a 1h15m sleep period (dashed lines).
Fig 3.
Detailed timeline of a single measurement block during the 40-hour forced-desynchrony protocol.
This figure outlines the sequence and duration of measurements (grey background) and activities (white background) within one 2h30m wake period, including psychophysical tests, pupillometry, physiological measurements, and scheduled meal times. The continuous measurements, core body temperature (CBT), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and electrocardiography (ECG), are indicated at the bottom.
Table 3.
Measurement devices.