Table 1.
Participant demographics.
Fig 1.
Representative voxelwise BBB Ktrans maps in 2 OA (top) and 2 YA (bottom) participants classified as having high and low BBBd. Color bar shows absolute Ktrans values with units of min-1.
Fig 2.
Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant age group by region interaction (F = 2.1, p < 0.001). The boxplot shows the regions where OA had significantly greater Ktrans values following a post hoc independent sample t-test. Regions are ordered by largest to smallest effect size. Significance was defined as p < 0.05.
Fig 3.
Ktrans differences between OA and YA.
Results from independent sample t-test comparing log transformed Ktrans values in 74 FS ROIs between OA and YA. Brain plots show the Cohen’s d effect size for each ROI. Effect sizes were overall larger in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere.
Fig 4.
Effect of APOE status on averaged BBBp.
Results from independent sample t-test comparing averaged Ktrans and APOE4 carrier status. Averaged BBBp was significantly greater in the APOE4 carriers (n = 4) compared to non-carriers (n = 24) (t = -2.50, p = 0.02, d = -1.53).
Fig 5.
Associations between BBBp and Aβ.
Brain plots show the first three dimensions from the sparse canonical correlation analysis between Ktrans and PiB ROIs controlled for the effects of age and sex (A-C). (A) Dimension 1, r = 0.39, F (9, 61) = 2.8, p = 0.009 (B) Dimension 2, r = 0.67, F (4, 52) = 5.2, p = 0.001 (C) Dimension 3, r = 0.26, F (1, 27) = 2.0, p = 0.17. Dimensions represent Ktrans changes (increase or decrease) aligned with corresponding PiB changes. Increases in a variable are signified by positive weights and decreases with negative weights. Regions are colored based on their weight and bilateral ROIs are depicted on a left hemisphere template brain. Weights reduced to zero due to sparsity constraints are not included in the color scale.
Fig 6.
Associations between BBBp and tau.
Brain plots show the first three dimensions from the sparse canonical correlation analysis between Ktrans and partial volume corrected FTP ROIs controlled for the effects of age and sex (A-C). (A) Dimension 1, r = 0.42, F (9, 61) = 1.5, p = 0.16 (B) Dimension 2, r = 0.30, F (4, 52) = 2.1, p = 0.09 (C) Dimension 3, r = 0.43, F (1, 27) = 6.3, p = 0.02. Dimensions represent Ktrans changes (increase or decrease) aligned with corresponding FTP changes. Increases in a variable are signified by positive weights and decreases with negative weights. Regions are colored based on their weight and bilateral ROIs are depicted on a left hemisphere template brain. Weights reduced to zero due to sparsity constraints are not included in the color scale.