Table 1.
Method validation parameters for the quantification of antimicrobial residues.
Table 2.
Physical parameters with standard deviations measured in 2020, 2021 and 2022 in raw and treated water of NW-E DWPF.
Table 3.
Physical parameters with standard deviations measured in 2020, 2021 and 2022 in raw and treated water of NW-C DWPF.
Table 4.
Chemical parameters with standard deviations measured in 2021 and 2022 in raw and treated water of NW-E and NW-C DWPFs.
Fig 1.
Stacked column illustrating phylum-level changes in bacterial community composition of raw and treated water at NW-E and NW-C DWPFs.
Others consist of phyla with relative abundance < 2.00%.
Fig 2.
Stacked column illustrating genus-level changes in bacterial community composition in raw and treated water of NW-E and NW-C DWPFs.
Others consist of genera with relative abundance < 1.00%.
Fig 3.
Bacterial alpha diversity indices (A-ACE, B-Chao1, C-Shannon and D-Simpson) in raw and treated water of NW-E and NW-C DWPF.
Fig 4.
Chord diagram illustrating the end-point PCR screening process of ARGs in raw and treated water of NW-E and NW-C DWPFs.
Table 5.
Concentrations of ARGs in raw and treated water of NW-E and NW-C DWPFs (units in gene copies/16S Rrna ± standard deviation).
Table 6.
Concentrations with standard deviations of target antimicrobial residues in raw and treated water of NW-E DWPF.
Table 7.
Concentrations with standard deviations of target antimicrobial residues in raw and treated water of NW-C DWPF.
Fig 5.
Heatmap of risk quotients (RQs) in raw and treated water of NW-E and NW-C DWPFs.
Fig 6.
RDA of correlation between (A) bacterial community composition, physicochemical parameters, ARGs and antibiotic residues in raw and treated water of NW-E and NW-C DWPFs.
FCZ–fluconazole; temp–temperature; AMP–ampicillin; sal–salinity; COD–Chemical oxygen demand, TDS–Total Dissolved Solids; SMX–Sulfamethoxazole; NO2−—nitrite, NO3−—nitrate; PO4 –phosphate; TMP–trimethoprim.