Table 1.
Health risk assessment indices and variables based on EPA model [31].
Fig 1.
Fellow diagram of the studies selection process following the PRIZMA.
Table 2.
Heavy metals levels in pasteurized and sterilized milk reported in research articles published since 1993–2021.
Table 3.
Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) in of heavy metals.
Table 4.
Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values for heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk.
Fig 2.
Global map for hazard index values for heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk (countries with no data are shown in grey).
Fig 3.
Global map for the total carcinogenic risk (CR) values for heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk (countries with no data are shown in grey).
Table 5.
Carcinogenic risk assessment values for heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk reported in research articles published since 1993–2021.