Table 1.
Boiling point and relative polarity of solvents.
Fig 1.
Oil removal efficiency of crude oil residue vs. weight loss ratio of SC.
Table 2.
Oil contents recovery vs. weight loss ratio.
Table 3.
Chemical composition of spent HDS catalyst.
Fig 2.
SEM images at different magnifications: (a)-(c) raw SC; (d)-(f) SC by hexane treatment; (g)-(i) SC by kerosene treatment; (j)-(l) SC by p-xylene treatment; (m)-(o) SC by dichloromethane treatment; (p)-(r) SC by acetone treatment.
Fig 3.
EDX analysis: (a) raw SC, (b) SC treated by hexane, (c) SC treated by kerosene, (d) SC treated by p-xylene, (e) SC treated by dichloromethane, (f) SC treated by acetone.
Table 4.
Elemental analysis of raw SC and deoiled SC.
Fig 4.
FT-IR spectra of the spent catalysts before and after solvent treatment: The inset figure of the enlarged part between 3200cm-1 and 2700cm-1.
Fig 5.
X-ray diffraction patterns of the spent catalyst: (a) raw SC, (b) SC treated by hexane, (c) SC treated by kerosene, (d) SC treated by p-xylene, (e) SC treated by dichloromethane, (f) SC treated by acetone.
Fig 6.
Contact angles of spent catalyst: (a) raw SC, (b) SC treated by p-xylene, (c) SC treated by acetone.
Table 5.
Surface areas and porosities of SC.
Fig 7.
GC-MS spectra of recovered oil: (a) treated by hexane, (b) treated by kerosene, (c) treated by p-xylene, (d) treated by dichloromethane, (e) treated by acetone.
Table 6.
Organic composition of recovered oil by p-xylene extraction.
Table 7.
Oil removal efficiency comparison with reported methods.