Table 1.
Number of respondents by citizenship and gender.
Fig 1.
Visualization of main effects of career interest, citizenship, & gender on trainee career self-efficacy (CSE).
A three-way ANOVA (citizenship, gender, PI career interest) showed a significant effect on CSE such that US citizens, males, and those with PI career interests were more efficacious. P-values at the bottom of each panel (a to c) indicate the main effects for each variable of interest, ****p<0.0001. Post-hoc t-tests were conducted between the primary variable plotted on the left side of each panel (a- Non-PI vs. PI; b- Citizen vs. Non-Citizen; c- Male vs. Female); ****p<0.0001and **p<0.01. Complete Tukey-corrected contrast analysis can be found in Table in S4 Table in S1 File. Error bars displayed indicate standard error of the mean. Black bars on the left side indicate the main variable. Purple and Green indicate the different variables: For 1a gender and citizenship, 1b gender and career interest, 1c career interest and citizenship.
Table 2.
3-Way ANOVA: Citizenship, gender, and career interest.
Fig 2.
Main effects of citizenship and gender on trainee career self-efficacy (CSE).
Patterns for Citizenship and Gender showed a significant main effect, with higher CSE for those identified as citizen and male. Multiple comparison tests (Tukey-corrected posthoc t-tests) were corrected for with significant effects illustrated using brackets. P-values indicate significance of Tukey’s multiple comparison tests, ****p<0.0001, and **p<0.01. Note: M = Male, F = Female. Error bars displayed indicate standard error of the mean. Color differences (purple and green) indicate the main variable gender, where purple = male, green = female; pattern indicates citizenship (no pattern = citizen; pattern = non-citizen).
Fig 3.
Level of consideration for pursuing a PI career path.
Citizenship and Gender showed a significant main effect in the interest to pursue a PI career path, with highest interest for those identified as non-citizen and male. Post-hoc t-tests were conducted between all possible pairings, as illustrated by each end of the respective bracket. P-values indicate significance of Tukey’s multiple comparison tests, ****p<0.0001. Note: M = Male, F = Female. Black bars indicate the main variable citizenship. Error bars displayed indicate standard error of the mean. Color differences (purple and green) indicate the main variable gender, where purple = male, green = female; pattern indicates citizenship (no pattern = citizen; pattern = non-citizen).
Fig 4.
Level of consideration for research-intensive career paths.
Post-hoc t-tests were conducted between all possible pairings within each career path, as illustrated by each end of the respective brackets. P-values indicate significance of Tukey’s multiple comparison tests, ****p<0.0001, **p<0.01, and *p<0.05. Note: M = Male, F = Female. Error bars displayed indicate standard error of the mean. Color differences (purple and green) indicate the main variable gender, where purple = male, green = female; pattern indicates citizenship (no pattern = citizen; pattern = non-citizen).
Fig 5.
Career Path Interests was calculated as the sum of career paths considered (up to 20 items, could be selected). Citizenship and gender showed a significant main effect on the number of career paths considered by trainees. See Methods for details about the creation of Sum of Career Paths Considered. Post-hoc t-tests were conducted between all possible pairings, as illustrated by each end of the respective bracket. P-values indicate significance of Tukey’s multiple comparison tests, ****p<0.0001. Note: M = Male, F = Female. Error bars displayed indicate standard error of the mean. Color differences (purple and green) indicate the main variable gender, where purple = male, green = female; pattern indicates citizenship (no pattern = citizen; pattern = non-citizen).
Fig 6.
Familiarity with 20 common biomedical career pathways.
Citizenship and Gender showed a significant main effect on the familiarity with different career paths, with higher familiarity for those identified as citizens. Post-hoc t-tests were conducted between all possible pairings, as illustrated by each end of the respective bracket. P-values indicate significance of Tukey’s multiple comparison tests, ****p<0.0001 and **p<0.01. Note: M = Male, F = Female. Error bars displayed indicate standard error of the mean. Black bars indicate the main variable citizenship. Color differences (purple and green) indicate the main variable gender, such that purple = male, green = female; pattern indicates citizenship (no pattern = citizen; pattern = non-citizen).
Fig 7.
Career training attained and departmental career goals support ratings.
The level of support reported by trainees in pursuing their desired career path was evaluated with two items: Career training attained and departmental career goal support. Post-hoc t-tests were conducted between all possible pairings, as illustrated by each end of the respective bracket. P-values indicate significance of Tukey’s multiple comparison tests, ****p<0.0001 and **p<0.01. Note: M = Male, F = Female. Error bars displayed indicate standard error of the mean. Black bars indicate the main variable citizenship. Color differences (purple and green) indicate the variable gender, where purple = male, green = female; pattern indicates citizenship (no pattern = citizen; pattern = non-citizen).
Fig 8.
PI encouragement reported by trainees.
PI encouragement was measured combining two items: Encouragement to pursue career development activities, and encouragement to pursue career goals. Post-hoc t-tests were conducted between all possible pairings, as illustrated by each end of the respective bracket. P-values indicate the significance of Tukey’s multiple comparison tests, ****p<0.0001 and ***p<0.001. Note: M = Male, F = Female. Black bars indicate the main variable citizenship. Error bars displayed indicate standard error of the mean. Color differences (purple and green) indicate the variable gender, where purple = male and green = female; pattern indicates citizenship (no pattern = citizen; pattern = non-citizen).