Fig 1.
Effects of Roflumilast on: (A) Forced swimming test and (B) Open Field test and (C) Number of crossed squares in Depressed Adult Male Wistar Rats (n = 10).
a: P<0.05 versus control group, b: P<0,05 versus depressed group.
Fig 2.
Effects of Roflumilast on (A): Phosphodiesterase 4, gene expression (B): CERB gene expression, (C): level of PKA and (D): level of BDNF in Depressed Adult Male Wistar Rats (n = 10).
a: P<0.05 versus control group, b: P<0.05 versus depressed group.
Fig 3.
Effects of Roflumilast on hippocampal levels of: (A) IL6, (B) dopamine and (C) cortisone in Depressed Adult Male Wistar Rats (n = 10)a: P<0.05 versus control group, b: P<0.05 versus depressed group.
Fig 4.
Effects of Roflumilast on hippocampal oxidative stress markers (Malondialdhyde "MDA" and Superoxide Dismutase "SOD") in depressed Adult male Wistar rats (n = 10).
a: P<0.05 versus control group, b: P<0.05 versus depressed group.
Fig 5.
Examination of the H&E stained sections of CA1 region of the Control group.
Fig 6.
a. Examination of the H&E stained sections of CA1 region of the Control group. b. Examination of the H&E stained sections of CA1 region of the Positive control group. c. Examination of the H&E stained sections of CA1 region of the Depressed group. d. Examination of the H&E stained sections of CA1 region of the Roflumilast-treated group.
Fig 7.
a. Examination of the toliudine blue stained semithin sections of CA1 region of the Control group. b. Examination of the toliudine blue stained semithin sections of CA1 region of the Positive control group. c. Examination of the toliudine blue stained semithin sections of CA1 region of the Depressed group. d. Examination of the toliudine blue stained semithin sections of CA1 region of the Roflumilast-treated group.
Fig 8.
a. Examination of the GFAP stained sections of CA1 region of the Control group. b. Examination of the GFAP stained sections of CA1 of the Positive control group. c. Examination of the GFAP stained sections of CA1 region of the Depressed group. d. Examination of the GFAP stained sections of CA1 region of the Roflumilast-treated group.
Table 1.
Correlations of malondialdhyde (MDA) and other parameters in all studied groups: (cAMP response element-binding protein (CERB), Protein Kinase CAMP-Activated Catalytic Subunit Alpha (PRKACA), Brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), Dopamine (DA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Corticosterone (CORT)).
Table 2.
Correlations of Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CERB), Protein Kinase CAMP-Activated Catalytic Subunit Alpha (PRKACA), Brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6).
Table 3.
Correlations of Dopamine (DA) and findings of behavioral tests in all studied parameters.