Table 1.
Descriptive statistics.
Table 2.
Full sample DID and matched PSM-DID results.
Fig 1.
Plot of standardized deviation of covariates.
Fig 2.
Common range of values for the propensity score.
Table 3.
Placebo test results.
Table 4.
Results of replacing explained variables.
Table 5.
Mechanism analysis results.
Table 6.
Heterogeneity analysis (1): Economic development and city size.
Table 7.
Heterogeneity analysis (2): East, central, and west regions, and industrialization level.