Fig 1.
Distribution of sampling sites in Liupanshan Mountains of Ningxia, China.
Table 1.
Restoration time, latitude, longitude, and altitude of the three study sites in the Liupanshan Mountains.
Fig 2.
Species composition characteristics (A), the indices of species diversity (B) and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (C) of Quercus wutaishanica shrub at various restoration stages in Liupanshan Mountains.
Fig 3.
Niche overlap of shrubs in Quercus wutaishanica shrub at various restoration stages in Liupanshan Mountains.
A: restoration for 10 years; B: restoration for 30 years; C: restoration for 40 years. The plants in the figure are the top 10 ecological niches.
Fig 4.
Relationship between soil physicochemical properties (A) and community diversity index (B) at various restoration stages in Liupanshan Mountains. TC: total carbon; TN: total nitrogen; TP: total phosphorus; NH4+-N: ammoniacal nitrogen; NO3—N: nitrate nitrogen; AN: available nitrogen; AP: available phosphorus; AK: available potassium; FRic: functional richness index; FEve: functional evenness index; FDiv: functional divergence index; FDis: functional dispersion index. (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01).
Fig 5.
Plant functional traits (A) and RDA analysis (B) of Quercus wutaishanica shrub at various restoration stages in Liupanshan Mountains. LTC: leaf total carbon; LTN: leaf total nitrogen; LTP: leaf total phosphorus; LC:N: leaf carbon-nitrogen ratio; LC:P: leaf carbon-phosphorus ratio; LN:P: leaf nitrogen-phosphorus ratio; SLA: specific leaf area; LDMC: leaf dry matter content; LT: leaf thickness; LWR: leaf length-width ratio; LCC: leaf chlorophyll content.
Fig 6.
The spearman correlation with plant functional traits and community diversity index of Quercus wutaishanica shrub at various restoration stages in Liupanshan Mountains.
A: restoration for 10 years; B: restoration for 30 years; C: restoration for 40 years. LTC: leaf total carbon; LTN: leaf total nitrogen; LTP: leaf total phosphorus; LC:N: leaf carbon-nitrogen ratio; LC:P: leaf carbon-phosphorus ratio; LN:P: leaf nitrogen-phosphorus ratio; SLA: specific leaf area; LDMC: leaf dry matter content; LT: leaf thickness; LWR: leaf length-width ratio; LCC: leaf chlorophyll content; FRic: functional richness index; FEve: functional evenness index; FDiv: functional divergence index; FDis: functional dispersion index. (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01).