Fig 1.
Summary of the experimental design.
Fig 2.
Body weight changes in all the experimental groups.
Bars represent mean ± standard error. Bars marked with the same letters are insignificantly different (p>0.05), whereas those with different ones are significantly different (p<0.05).
Fig 3.
The behavioral parameters in all the experimental groups, using passive avoidance test.
Bars represent mean ± standard error. Bars marked with the same letters are insignificantly different (p>0.05), whereas those with different ones are significantly different (p<0.05).
Fig 4.
The behavioral parameters in all the experimental groups, using open field test.
Bars represent mean ± standard error. Bars marked with the same letters are insignificantly different (p>0.05), whereas those with different ones are significantly different (p<0.05).
Fig 5.
The behavioral parameters in all the experimental groups, using elevated plus maze test.
Bars represent mean ± standard error. Bars marked with the same letters are insignificantly different (p>0.05), whereas those with different ones are significantly different (p<0.05).
Table 1.
Effect of Safr and Cands on the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, μg/g tissue), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA, μg/g tissue), norepinephrine (NE, μg/g tissue) and dopamine (DA, μg/g tissue) in striatum of 3-NP-treated rats.
Table 2.
Effect of Safr and Cands on the gene expression level of monoamine oxidase (MAO-A, fold change) and (MAO-B, fold change) as well as the activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO, μM 4-HQ /g tissue) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, U/mg protein) in striatum of 3-NP-treated rats.
Table 3.
Effect of Safr and Cands on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA, nmol/g tissue), nitric oxide (NO, nmol/g tissue), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC, mmol/mg protein) in striatum of 3-NP-treated rats.
Table 4.
Effect of Safr and Cands on the levels of complex I (U/mg protein), complex II (U/mg protein), complex IV (U/mg protein), caspase-3 (Casp-3, μg/mg protein), Fas ligand (FasL, μg/mg protein) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, μg/mg protein) in striatum of 3-NP-treated rats.
Table 5.
Effect of Safr and Cands on the levels of % DNA damage in tail (arbitrary unit), tail length (TM, Mm) and tail moment (TM, arbitrary unit) in striatum of 3-NP-treated rats.
Fig 6.
Photomicrograph of the striatum of the negative control groups A) PO-treated and B) CMC-treated, showing the normal histological structure of the neurons in striatum (H&E 400x). Black arrows represent normal cells.
Fig 7.
Photomicrograph of the striatum of A) Safr-treated and B) Cands-treated groups showing the no histopathological changes in the structure of the neurons in striatum (H&E 400x).
Fig 8.
Photomicrograph of the striatum of 3-NP-ijnected group showing nuclear pyknosis of the degenerated neurons (white arrow) with gliosis satellatosis (green arrow) and neuronophagia (H&E 400x & 1000x).
Fig 9.
Photomicrograph of the striatum of A) Safr+3-NP and B) Cands+3-NP groups showing no histopathological changes in the structure of the neurons in striatum (H&E 400x).