Fig 1.
Wide area smart grid model with PMUs.
Table 1.
Exploration of PMU placement techniques considering zero injection constraints.
Fig 2.
10 bus network without zero injections.
Fig 3.
10 bus network with zero injections.
Fig 4.
Flowchart of OPP with and without ZIB.
Table 2.
IEEE radial bus networks’ optimal PMU bus placements with and without ZI buses.
Fig 5.
ZIB-free modified IEEE 18 bus network.
Fig 6.
ZIB-enabled modified IEEE 18 bus network.
Fig 7.
Modified IEEE 18 bus system voltage profile with and without ZI buses.
Table 3.
Voltage magnitudes of modified IEEE 18 bus system at various PMU locations.
Fig 8.
IEEE 33 bus network without ZI buses.
Fig 9.
IEEE 33 bus network with ZI buses.
Fig 10.
IEEE 33 bus system voltage profile with and without ZI.
Table 4.
Voltage magnitudes of IEEE 33 bus system at various PMU locations.
Fig 11.
IEEE 69 bus network without ZI buses.
Fig 12.
IEEE 69 bus network with ZI buses.
Fig 13.
IEEE 69 bus system voltage profile with and without ZIs.
Table 5.
Voltage magnitudes of IEEE 69 bus system at various PMU locations.