Fig 1.
Schematic of experimental procedures.
The skin of the Pectoralis major was cut using sterile forceps into 6 separate 4 × 4 cm squares that were inoculated with either Salmonella Typhimurium or Infantis and allowed to attach for 30 min at 4°C. Skins were removed and shaken for 30s to remove non-firmly attached Salmonella. Skins were treated for 20s in respective treatments, stomached for 1 min at 200 rpm and Salmonella was enumerated, the hilA expression quantified, and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. Created with BioRender.com.
Table 1.
The qPCR primer/probes assays that were used in the current study.
Fig 2.
The effect of tap water (TW), peracetic (PAA), and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the firmly attached Salmonella Typhimurium (A) and Infantis (B). The skin of the Pectoralis major was cut into 4 × 4 cm squares that were inoculated and allowed to attach for 30 min at 4°C. Skins were removed and shaken for 30s to remove non-firmly attached Salmonella. Skins were treated for 20s in respective treatments and stomached for 1 min at 200 rpm and Salmonella was enumerated. Significance is denoted by different connecting lettersa-d (N = 50; n = 10; k = 5; P < 0.05).
Fig 3.
The expression of hilA of Salmonella Typhimurium (A) and S. Infantis (B) of the skin of the Pectoralis major of chicken treated with tap water (TW), peracetic acid (PAA), and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) relative to the no treatment control (NTC). The skin of the Pectoralis major was cut into 4 × 4 cm squares that were inoculated and allowed to attach for 30 min at 4°C. Skins were removed and shaken for 30s to remove non-firmly attached Salmonella. Skins were treated for 20s in respective treatments and stomached for 1 min at 200 rpm and the expression of hilA was determined via qPCR (A: N = 50, n = 10, k = 5; P < 0.05; B: N = 50, n = 10, k = 5; P > 0.05). Significance is denoted by different connecting lettersa-b.
Fig 4.
Impact of treatment, no inoculated no treatment control (NINTC), no treatment control (NTC), tap water (TW), TW + 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and 600 ppm peracetic acid (PAA) on the skin microbiota of the pectoralis major of commercial broilers when inoculated with S. Typhimurium.
The alpha, Faith’s PD (A) and Shannon’s Entropy (B), and beta, Jaccard (C) and Weighted Unifrac (D), diversity and the significant phyla (E) and genera (F) of the chicken skin inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (N = 39, n = 7–9; k = 5). The only significant genera were Brochothrix (W = 118).
Fig 5.
Impact of treatment, no inoculated no treatment control (NINTC), no treatment control (NTC), tap water (TW), TW + 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and 600 ppm peracetic acid (PAA) on the skin microbiota of the pectoralis major of commercial broilers when inoculated with S. Infantis.
The alpha, Faith’s PD (A) and Shannon’s entropy (B), and beta, Jaccard (C) and Weighted Unifrac (D), diversity and the significant phyla (E) and genera (F) of the chicken skin inoculated with Salmonella Infantis (N = 36, n = 5–10; k = 5). Campylobacterota was the only significantly different taxa at the phyla level (W = 7). At the genus level, Yersiniaceae, Enterobacterales, Lachnospiraceae CHKCI001, Clostridia vadinBB60 group, Leuconostoc, Campylobacter, and bacteria were different (W = 13, 18, 8, 16, 17, 40, 8).