Fig 1.
Bat behavior.
Fig 2.
BA flowchart.
Fig 3.
An optimization strategy-based identifier for the balloon effect [44].
Fig 4.
Block diagram of the model of μG-PS.
Fig 5.
Reduced model of the studied μG with the BA+BE.
Fig 6.
Block schematic of the system for stability [46].
Fig 7.
The three algorithms’ convergent properties for: (a) Sphere test function; (b) Matyas test function.
Fig 8.
Block diagram of the model of the μG power system including the proposed BA+BE.
Fig 9.
A schematic of the proposed model with power flow.
Table 1.
Parameters of the studied μG.
Table 2.
Suggested parameters of the BA.
Fig 10.
System response for case 1, frequency deviation.
Fig 11.
System response for case 1, mechanical power.
Fig 12.
The gains of three controllers.
Table 3.
Data of Jaya algorithm.
Fig 13.
System response for case 2, frequency deviation.
Fig 14.
Model of a variable solar PS [44].
Fig 15.
(a) PV power deviation (b) System response for case 3, FD.
Fig 16.
Block diagram of the studied system using RT simulation.
Fig 17.
RT laboratory setup.
Fig 18.
System response for case 1, FD using RT simulation.
Fig 19.
System response for case 2, FD by using RT simulation.