Fig 1.
Conceptual framework illustrating fiscal competition: Core concept, categories, effects, research gaps, and aims.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix of key variables in the study.
Table 2.
Detailed fixed effects regression results on the relationship between fiscal competition and innovation investment.
Table 3.
Policy recommendations to address competition-innovation trade-offs.
Fig 2.
Summary of key policy insights, implications, recommendations, considerations, approaches, and objectives.